Africa

Intonga (South Africa)

  • Name of sport (game): Intonga (Xhosa stick fighting)
  • Place of practice (continent, state, nation):

    South Africa, Xhosa people

  • History:

    The ancient African art of intonga or stick fighting has been practiced in rural South Africa for centuries. In the past when a Xhosa boy went to initiation school, one of the skills he would learn and practice daily was stick fighting. A young Xhosa man who carried himself well as a stick fighter won respect wherever he went.

  • Description:

    Just as with any other African sport there are rules to follow. In Intonga stick fighting there is a penalty for Kumhlaba Wamadoda or hitting in the “Land of Men” otherwise known as hitting below the belt.
    The sport of stick fighting is one of South Africa’s oldest games developed hundreds of years ago in the rural parts of South Africa where it served as an important rite of passage in Xhosa culture. In today’s stick fighting games, competitors are armed with two sticks and protection for the head and hands.
    People from the age of five upwards are eligible to participate in the game. When you hit the head you get six points. When you hit the neck you get four points, hitting the hip scores you five points, while a blow to the leg gains you six points. The player that can hit the other with the stick the most in this play-fighting, wins.
    The referee will regulate the game by using a white stick to separate the players if there are illegal throws or strikes. Two fighters take up position inside the ring.
    Each fighter carries two sticks, namely the attack and the defense stick. The referee blows a whistle to start the game and the fighters try to hit their opponent with their stick, while defending themselves with the defense stick.
    Three judges judge the match and record points scored by each combatant. They also record deductible points where there are infringements of the rules. Points are awarded according to the number of blows that hit the opponent’s body. A bout consists of three rounds of one minute each.

    Penalty points are deducted for every penalty committed. The following constitutes a penalty:
    • Hitting no hit areas, namely “below the belt” or kumhlaba wamadoda, meaning the land of men, and also behind the head.
    • Hitting an opponent during a break.
    • Hitting an opponent when they are down.
    • Prodding or attacking the opponent with the defense stick.
    • Poking the opponent.
    • Hooking or grabbing with a stick.
    • Using sharpened sticks.

    A Win
    The player who has scored the most points at the end of the game is the winner, unless one of the players quits before the end of the game.

  • Current status:

    Practiced

  • Sources of information :

    Video:
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0AIvWjlPG4

     

    The information contained in the article comes from the following sources:
    https://www.theafricangourmet.com/2015/06/intonga-stick-fighting-penalty-for.html

    Source of photos used in this article and gallery:
    https://www.theafricangourmet.com/2015/06/intonga-stick-fighting-penalty-for.html

  • Gallery:

Isinaphakade Samathongo (South Africa)

  • Name of sport (game): Isinaphakade Samathongo
  • Name in native language: Isinaphakade Samathongo
  • Place of practice (continent, state, nation):

    South Africa

  • History:

    The Isinaphakade Samathongo is an esoteric ancestral combat sport practiced by the Zulus and the Xhosa in South Africa. This system emphasizes powerful combat techniques and an ethical philosophy. It is used as an initiation to the caste of priest-warriors of the two tribes.

Iskandarâni (Egypt)

  • Name of sport (game): Iskandarâni
  • Place of practice (continent, state, nation):

    Egypt

  • History:

    Iskandarâni is an Egyptian struggle which has now disappeared. Its origins are very old and it comes from the city of Alexandria (Iskander is the Arabic name for Alexander).

  • Description:

    It was taught in the form of dances (Raqs) in the popular district of Ras-El-Din. His practice was broken down into "mimes" or involved four main actions: 1- Stabbing 2- Slashing 3- Cutting the throat 4- Hitting with the head.

    The latter technique was called "Roosiya". The objective of the "Roosiya" was to give extremely violent blows using body weight. Without any defensive utility, the "roosiya" had a mainly offensive function ... Among the other techniques of Iskandarâni, the "dancer" also had to execute a dangerous figure with a dagger by striking themselves on the body to show their dexterity in attacking "strike zones". Some fights were mimed by straightening the thumb and forefinger of the hand to simulate a stabbing weapon.

Kayti (Kenya)

  • Name of sport (game): Kayti
  • Place of practice (continent, state, nation):

    Kenya

Kipura (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

  • Name of sport (game): Kipura
  • Place of practice (continent, state, nation):

    Democratic Republic of the Congo

  • Description:

    Kipura is a traditional Congolese wrestling whose movements are inspired by cockfighting.

  • Sources of information :

    Video:
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8hMQXFGtI8 

  • Gallery:

Kokowa or Kokawa (Niger)

  • Name of sport (game): Kokowa or Kokawa
  • Place of practice (continent, state, nation):

    Niger

  • Current status:

    Practiced

  • Importance (for practitioners, communities etc.):

    The traditional fight, kokowa in Hausa language, is a popular dual fight practiced in Niger. The whole community participates in it with a spirit of conviviality before, during and after, which gives it all its playful, cultural and religious significance. Famous wrestlers nomadize from village to village accompanied by musicians, marabouts and other buffoons to fight after the harvest.
    In history, the wrestlers of the 1950s, because of their mystical and physical forces and their techniques, remain living legends.
    Traditional wrestling owes its aura to the simplicity of its practice, the accessibility of combat for the rich and the poor, its resistance to modern sports and above all the fact that it remains a rural sport still retaining its playful and cultural aspects. Customary and political powers, marabouts and fetishists, musicians and singers, buffoons and Olympic experts coexist in the psychological preparation of the wrestlers before, during and after the fights in order to build their confidence and increase the chances. The struggle is the framework par excellence of cultural and bodily expression, rites, beliefs, music, oral poetry of the communities. The wrestler who wrestles is the hero of his group, of his region.

  • Sources of information :

    Video:
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=85mImoYDFvA
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6QtgEf__H4
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KnPkv0BrFQ
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33aCOaU1iAk

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Kokuule (Benin)

  • Name of sport (game): Kokuule
  • Place of practice (continent, state, nation):

    Benin, village name Akaradè

  • Gallery:

Kuta or Hikuta

  • Name of sport (game): Kuta or Hikuta
  • Place of practice (continent, state, nation):

    Egypt

  • History:

    An ancient Egyptian boxing art still used today. The basis for Hikuta is the ancient art of Kuta.
    Kuta was initially developed by the bodyguards of the ancient Pharoahs in Egypt as the most efficient and effective way to defend their king. Kuta remained top secret amongst the Asian rulers for over a thousand years until military soldiers found out the secrets. Today Kuta is the basis for the art of Hikuta

  • Sources of information :

    Video:
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ecDfJcfPpmg&feature=emb_logo 

Laamb (Senegal)

Libanda (Congo)

  • Name of sport (game): Líbanda
  • Name in native language: Líbanda
  • Place of practice (continent, state, nation):

    Democratic Republic of Congo

  • Description:

    Libanda is a form of Marital Arts practiced by the Mongo people of the Democratic Republic of Congo, It is believed to have originated from people trying to emulate the fighting style of the Gorilla. It is a wrestling style that involves multiple fighters positioned in a circular ring with the goal being to body slam an opponent into the ground. The grappling style of Libanda is also believed to be an ancestor of Capoeira taken to Brazil by slaves.
    As in free wrestling, it is practiced in a circle and the goal is to put your opponent on the ground using the whole body and with the help of a wide variety of catches, projections, sweeps, etc.
    Originally, shots were allowed (hands, feet, head ...) but these naturally tend to be forgotten during training and competitions; the two competitors will seek a fault or the right moment by swinging their arms forward in order to grab the opponent.
    This fight is carried out to the rhythm of percussions, accompanied by songs of bravery and defiance, dance figures, magical practices and the evocation of the ancients. In reference to the leopard, symbol of the líbanda, the wrestlers paint their entire body with white spots of paint. More than a combat sport, the líbanda is also akin to a rite of passage: victory is a triumph over oneself.

  • Current status:

    Practiced

  • Sources of information :

    Video:
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOaWYLdx7wY&t=472s 

  • Gallery:

Maabza (Algeria)

  • Name of sport (game): Maabza
  • Name in native language: Maabza or Al-Maabza or Al-Qarash
  • Place of practice (continent, state, nation):

    Algeria

  • History:

    It is a traditional sport known since Antiquity under the name (Al-Maabza or Al-Qarash) in which traditional clothing is observed.
    As for it is a form of traditional Tuareg fight. Often practiced during ceremonies and festivals, it is close to traditional Senegalese and Gambian fights, which draws on Tuareg military history.

  • Description:

    It is a traditional sport practiced by young people and adults.
    This sport is played in a circle with a diameter of 03 meters, as well as on sandy ground or in a room on an artificial carpet.
    This sport has a major referee and an assistant referee.
    The battle begins after the appropriate situation is taken arm in arm barefoot, that is, by joining the wrestlers. In case of separation, they return to the first position, then the referee gives the starting signal, and from there each tries to drop their opponent to the ground, and as soon as one of the fighters falls, he announces the winner.
    In case of side fall, the fight will be repeated
    Traditional clothing is compulsory.
    It is forbidden to hit with the hand, the head and the legs. If the wrestler do it, the referee stops the fight and gives a warning to the wrestler, then gives the signal to continue the fight. The referee stops the fight if a wrestler receives a second warning.

  • Current status:

    Practiced

  • Contacts:

    Fédération Algérienne Des Jeux et Sports Traditionnels
    Address: Rue du 05 juillet Bp :94 Béchar
    Tel/Fax: 049/23/47/70 – 049/23/05/80
    Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
    Site web : www.fajst-dz.net 

    Federation algerienne de jeux logo

  • Gallery:

Maratabin or Maratabeen (Morocco)

Mkazo Ncha Shikana (Senegal)

  • Name of sport (game): Mkazo Ncha Shikana
  • Place of practice (continent, state, nation):

    Senegal

Mnqgwayi (Zimbabwe)

Moraingy (Madagascar)

  • Name of sport (game): Moraingy
  • Place of practice (continent, state, nation):

    Madagascar

  • History:

    The word derives from the Malagasy moraingy, a boxing fight.

    Moringue (or moring, sometimes mringue) is a combat sport practiced in the Indian Ocean, originating in Madagascar under the name of moraingy. It is a form of hand-to-hand combat, including kicking, kneeling, and sometimes head shots. melee techniques are excluded. Today, we still find an authentic practice in Madagascar and Mayotte (in the Comoros archipelago).
    According to some historians and some politicians (but this is widely disputed in Réunion's university circles), moringue originated in the 18th century in large sugar cane farms. The black code does not allow slaves to fight, they, from Africa and Madagascar, developed moringue, a fighting style combining music, especially percussion, and martial techniques, so as not to give birth among masters the suspicion of a capacity for revolt by only showing a tribal dance.
    According to today's knowledge, it is much more likely that the Madagascan moraingy comes from the Malaysian Tomoi. It would have in all likelihood been introduced into Madagascar, throughout the settlement of the big island, by Austronesian migrations (Malaysia, Indonesia, ...).

  • Description:

    Moringue is therefore practiced to the rhythm of percussion played during matches or training.

    Moringue practitioners' attire usually consists of a white shirt and pants of the same tone. The meaning remains unknown.
    However, it is not uncommon to see opponents face each other shirtless and the bottom of the pants pulled up to the calf.

    In terms of technique, the fighter essentially makes use of a combination of “punches” and occasional “kicks” to defeat an opponent. Now, a wide range of punches are used by the fighter during a duel, and they are as follows:

    Misto: The straight punches.
    Mandraoky: The hooks.
    Vangofary: The downward slanting punch.
    Vangomioriky: A punch that closely resembles the famous boxing move “the uppercut”.

    Furthermore, defensive moves such as “guarding and side stepping” are also used by the fighter as and when required. As for training centres/schools, there are none available around the world since this “traditional” martial art form is mainly performed in Madagascar and neighbouring islands such as Seychelles and Mauritius.

  • Current status:

    Practiced

  • Importance (for practitioners, communities etc.):

    Moraingy is not only an ancestral game but it is also a traditional popular culture that we practice until now. It is a physical activity through which one can test the strength and physical performance of "kidabolahy", young boys. It is the means that they use to strengthen their personality, their prestige, hence the prerogative and general motivation in participating in this game. It is played in a spirit of loyalty and mutual respect: "without resentment nor argument”. It is in a way a traditional physical education, that is to say serving as a means of educating young people from the values and the feeling of belonging to the same cultural identity. In short, a school of life in which young people learn to face obstacles, to solve problems on their own without parental help.
    The practice of Moraingy involves what is called “fihavanana”. It brings together all the village communities and ensures their cohesion. For practitioners, it shows respect for self and others.

  • Sources of information :

    Books:
    André Jean Benoît, Le moringue : un « sport » traditionnel à l'île de La Réunion, Musée de Villèle, Saint-Gilles-les-Hauts, La Réunion, 1994, 32 p.
    Jean-René Dreinaza, Sport, culture, culte, réussite professionnelle: Le parcours atypique d'un Réunionnais, Océan Éditions, 2013.
    Sudel Fuma et Jean-René Dreinaza, Le moring, art guerrier. Ses origines franco-malgaches, sa pratique à la Réunion, Océan Éditions, 1992.
    Aurélie Lallement, Le « moringue » à travers son aspect identitaire, Université de La Réunion, 1999, 143 p. (mémoire de maîtrise d'Ethnologie)

    Articles:
    https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/05/world/africa/madagascar-moraingy.html
    https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/05/world/africa/madagascar-moraingy.html
    https://madagascar-green-island-discovery.com/le-moraingy/

    Photos:
    https://www.domestika.org/en/projects/1322859-bareknuckle-boxing-in-madagascar
    https://www.booooooom.com/2020/11/02/moraingy-by-photographer-christian-sanna/

    Videos:
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1_U5tMEF4uA
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BgE9tteH1No
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhnElkmFU3I
    https://www.madacamp.com/Moraingy

     

    The information contained in the article comes from the following sources:
    https://madagascar-green-island-discovery.com/le-moraingy/

    Source of photos used in this article and gallery:
    https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/05/world/africa/madagascar-moraingy.html
    https://twitter.com/mintourmada/status/904689991183474688
    https://madagascar-green-island-discovery.com/le-moraingy/
    https://www.booooooom.com/2020/11/02/moraingy-by-photographer-christian-sanna/

  • Gallery:

Musangwe (South Africa)

  • Name of sport (game): Musangwe
  • Place of practice (continent, state, nation):

    South Africa

  • History:

    Every Christmas since the 1800s, boys and men collect in the Tshifudi cattle dip to test their mettle. The Venda tribe in North East South Africa compete in a tournament held in Limpopo Province of North South Africa. With temperature reaching over 30 degrees C, men compete with little shade and shelter against others to prove themselves not only to others, but to themselves. This used to be a ritual to select the bravest warriors, but in the modern day is used to usher young boys into manhood. It integrates a notion of identity and belonging. This is Musangwe.

    Traditionally women could not fight or attend, but in the modern days they have been known to do both. Women usually stay after the fights are over to clean up the blood from the fields. There is a story of the most famous Musangwe fighter, Frans Malala. This man could kill anyone with a single punch. The story says that Frans, participating in a Musangwe bout, punched and killed his opponent.To prove that the death was accidental and that he in fact was innocent, the investigating magistrate ordered him to punch a donkey. If he killed the donkey in one punch, the magistrate would believe Frans and he would be free to go. Frans punched and killed the donkey, and subsequently was released of any charges.

  • Description:

    Combatants range from 9 years old to 90 years old. The fighters are split into different groups. Mambibi is for young boys 9-12. Next is Rovhasize or Rova for teenagers 13-18. These groups compete early in the morning until it gets later and it’s time for the groups of people to come to see. The fighters aged 18 and over are called,” Ngwenya” or Crocodiles. Fighters aged 35-45 years are called the “Masters” and those over 45 are referred to as “Legends”. Rivals are separated according to the side of the Lundevine River on which they reside. Northerners are always paired with Southerners in fights. Winning is done if a fighter bleeds, gets knocked out, or surrenders. Some fighters cover themselves in Muti, a traditional medicine extracted from trees and other plants. The word is derived from the Zulu word “Umuti”, meaning,”tree”, or in some cases refers to traditional medicine in general. Some fighters believe that one can counter muti by covering oneself in urine. A man can challenge another competitor by walking up to an individual or group with both fists held forward in from of him. If he approaches a group, a challenge can be accepted by anyone if they come forward with both fist held out in front. Sometimes some are unwilling to fight and will shove another person out of the group forcing them to meet the challenger. This practice is actually quite common.

    Looking like regular boxing, the fist fighting escalates into unnatural, uncontrollable, and unpredictable pugilism. Musangwe also allows head butting, knees, and clinching. Fighting a knocked down opponent is against the rules, but people have been known to stomp on their opponent and taunt them to gain crowd support. Once a downed competitor regains his composure the fighting starts back up. When a fighter wants to admit defeat, he raises both hands in the air in surrender. Winning the fights doesn’t normally offer any money or a reward. Fighters choose to participate in Musangwe because it feels empowering.

  • Current status:

    Musangwe

  • Importance (for practitioners, communities etc.):

    Musangwe is a bare knuckle boxing competition that has turned from a passage into manhood into a sport for molding the character of young boys. The ritual is now used to teach young men to be brave in a time of joblessness and economic hardships. The competition is also teaches young boys to keep out of crime, how to respect women, and to fight only other men. The tradition is strictly bare knuckled and no gloves are allowed.

  • Sources of information :

    Video:

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3udOORx2cvc

  • Gallery:

N'oborro (Senegal)

  • Name of sport (game): N'oborro
  • Place of practice (continent, state, nation):

    Senegal

Nguni (South Africa)

  • Name of sport (game): Nguni
  • Name in native language: donga or dlala 'nduku
  • Place of practice (continent, state, nation):

    South Africa

  • History:

    This tradition is one which arguably developed in societies, cultures and civilisations that used herding as part of their systems of survival; where there are cows, there are stick-fighters.

  • Description:

    Nguni stick-fighting is a martial art traditionally practiced by teenage Nguni herdboys in South Africa. Each combatant is armed with two long sticks, one of which is used for defense and the other for offense. Little armor is used.

    Although Nguni/Xhosa styles of fighting may use only two sticks, variations of Bantu/Nguni stick-fighting throughout Southern Africa incorporate shields as part of the stick-fighting weaponry. Zulu stick-fighting uses an isikhwili or attacking stick, an ubhoko or defending stick and an ihawu or defending shield.

    The object is for two opposing warriors to fight each other to establish which of them is the strongest or the "Bull" (Inkunzi). In modern times this usually occurs as part of the wedding ceremony where warriors from the bridegroom's household and area welcome warriors from the bride's household and area to meet to "get to know each other", other groups of warriors may also be welcome to join in. Warriors do this by engaging in combat with one another. An "induna" or War Captain / Referee from each group of warriors keeps his crew in check and keeps order between fighters.

  • Sources of information :

    Articles:
    Coetzee, Marié-Heleen. (2002) "Zulu Stick Fighting: A Socio-Historical Overview," http://ejmas.com/jalt/jaltart_Coetzee_0902.htm
    https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/nguni-stick-fighting

    Videos:
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1qrVYh7E1k

     

    Source of photos used in this article and gallery:
    https://blackthen.com/black-martial-arts-series-nguni-stick-fighting/
    https://face2faceafrica.com/article/centuries-old-zulu-tradition-of-stick-fighting-is-today-helping-south-africa-to-curb-gang-violence-heres-why
    https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/AVKUW3Y3JV2YCQ8J
    https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/nguni-stick-fighting
    https://www.theafricangourmet.com/2015/06/intonga-stick-fighting-penalty-for.html

  • Gallery:

Njom (Senegal)

  • Name of sport (game): Njom
  • Name in native language: Njom
  • Place of practice (continent, state, nation):

    Senegal

  • History:

    Senegalese wrestling (Njom in Serer, Lutte sénégalaise) is a type of folk wrestling traditionally performed by the Serer people and now a national sport in Senegal and parts of The Gambia, and is part of a larger West African form of traditional wrestling (fr. Lutte Traditionnelle).
    It takes its root from the wrestling tradition of the Serer people – formally a preparatory exercise for war among the warrior classes depending on the technique. In Serer tradition, wrestling is divided into different techniques with mbapate being one of them. It was also an initiation rite among the Serers, the word Njom derives from the Serer principle of Jom (from Serer religion), meaning heart or honour in the Serer language.The Jom principle covers a huge range of values and beliefs including economic, ecological, personal and social values. Wrestling stems from the branch of personal values of the Jom principle.
    One of the oldest known and recorded wrestler in Senegambia was Boukar Djilak Faye (a Serer) who lived in the 14th century in the Kingdom of Sine. He was the ancestor of the Faye Paternal Dynasty of Sine and Saloum (both Kingdoms in present-day Senegal).The njom wrestling spectacle was usually accompanied by the kim njom – the chants made by young Serer women in order to reveal their gift of “poetry” (ciid in Serer ). The Wolof word for wrestling – Laamb, derives from the Serer language Fara-Lamb Siin (Fara of Mandinka origin whilst Lamb of Serer origin) the chief griot who used to beat the tam-tam of Sine called Lamb or Laamb in Serer.The lamb was part of the music accompaniment of wrestling in pre-colonial times as well as after Senegal’s independence. It was also part of the Njuup tradition (a conservative Serer music repertoire, the progenitor of Mbalax).
    Transcending ethnic groups, the sport enjoys the status of national sport.Traditionally, young men also used to fight as a distraction, to court wives, prove their manliness, and bring honor to their villages. Usually each wrestler (called mbër) performed a bàkk before the start of the combat.In general, bàkk (which could also be spelled as baku, bakku, bakkous) is an oral art performance that is used to boast about oneself in order to instill a sense of fear or reverence in the audience or rivals.Bàkk is not only used in the context of wrestling but can also be used in political speeches or other encounters in which someone feels the need to brag about his accomplishments to receive admiration. Not only is bàkk used to brag about oneself, but it can also be used to offer respect to one’s elders.
    The performance of bàkk can be in narratives, praise songs, or poems. Bàkk is used to complement the wrestler’s physical presence by adding artistic elegance and verbal cleverness. Wolof wrestlers use the bàakk to present themselves as exceptional and impressive.The oral art of the bàkk, used by the Senegalese wrestlers, has its history in griots.
    Source: https://www.sheenmagazine.com/the-history-of-senegalese-wrestling/

  • Current status:

    Practiced

  • Sources of information :

    Articles:
    https://www.globaltimoto.com/africa/senegal/games/njom/
    https://www.sheenmagazine.com/the-history-of-senegalese-wrestling/

     

     

    The information contained in the article comes from the following sources:
    https://www.sheenmagazine.com/the-history-of-senegalese-wrestling/

    Source of photos used in this article and gallery:
    https://www.africaspeaks4africa.net/njom-popular-sport-senegal/
    https://theblogofdimi.com/attending-senegalese-wrestling-njom-contest-joal/

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Nuba (Sudan)

Nubian stick (Sudan)

  • Name of sport (game): Nubian Stick
  • Place of practice (continent, state, nation):

    Sudan

  • Description:

    The Nubian stick is actually more of a tournament, but can be seen as a wrestling. Participants are given a staff and shield as weapons for combat. This sport is still practiced in late fall and early harvest. On the other hand, it is prohibited during the growing season because injuries could make young people uncomfortable working.
    The fight is part of the ceremonies that follow the harvest, during which we give thanks to God for a good harvest. The event always begins with an invitation from one tribe to another. The guests of the tribe can have their messengers just for the sake of provocation and excitement. The hosts have to scramble to find theirs, and after that they start the fight.
    Another way to start the competition is with a symbolic provocation. For example, a man aged 17 to 20 can hold the hands of his rival's fiancée for a few minutes, or cut his bead bracelets. When her so-called husband learns of this, he immediately announces the confrontation by tying a handkerchief or a piece of cloth over his competitor's house overnight, so as to warn the person concerned that he must prepare himself to begin immediately. the next morning.
    The fight can take place between two fighters from different villages, or between two villages fighting as a group.

  • Current status:

    Practiced

Nxai (aka Rwabi) (Botswana)

  • Name of sport (game): Nxai (aka Rwabi)
  • Name in native language: Nxai (aka Rwabi)
  • Place of practice (continent, state, nation):

    Botswana

  • Description:

    The objective is to throw and slap the ground with a prepared stick such that it bounces up and forward propelling it forward and as far as possible.